The Linux kernel's binfmt_misc functionality allows non-native/custom files to ne run directly such as for Windows EXE files to be handled by Wine or JAR files to be handled by the Java runtime.
For the upcoming Linux 7.3 merge window, the miscellaneous binary formats support is being extended so a binary type can be matched programmatically and the interpreter determined on a per-exec basis.
BPF programs can also then be attached to dynamically choosing an execution environment on a per-binary basis...