Duplicate Images in reader view on some sites

Describe the bug When loading in reader view, some sites load duplicate images as dot points.

To Reproduce Steps to reproduce the behavior:

1. Subscribe to any of the following feeds:
   • https://www.howtogeek.com/feed/
   • https://www.makeuseof.com/feed/
   • https://www.xda-developers.com/feed/
2. Click on an article
3. Switch to reader view
4. See duplicate images

Expected behavior Only need one copy of each image displayed as per the full web view.

Screenshots Showing this article in reader view https://www.howtogeek.com/your-galaxy-watch-should-change-its-watch-face-automatically/

Platform (please complete the following information):

• OS: Windows 11 Pro 25H2 26200.9168
• Version: 1.2.2

Additional context Also happens in the lite reader on Android.

I suspect the renderer is picking up the thumbnails as well as the full size image from the original html, and there may be multiple resolutions included in the source.