Unclear how to use `--reference` with `--prepare`
Author: gsneddersCreated Jan 22, 2026Updated May 16, 2026
See:
gsnedders@gsnedders-margot ~ % hyperfine --show-output -N -r1 -L delay 0.2,0.4,0.6 -p 'sleep {delay}' 'echo a'
Benchmark 1: echo a (delay = 0.2)
a
Time (abs ≡): 9.2 ms [User: 1.7 ms, System: 3.1 ms]
Benchmark 2: echo a (delay = 0.4)
a
Time (abs ≡): 9.1 ms [User: 1.9 ms, System: 3.5 ms]
Benchmark 3: echo a (delay = 0.6)
a
Time (abs ≡): 10.3 ms [User: 1.8 ms, System: 3.5 ms]
Summary
echo a (delay = 0.4) ran
1.01 times faster than echo a (delay = 0.2)
1.14 times faster than echo a (delay = 0.6)
gsnedders@gsnedders-margot ~ % hyperfine --show-output -N -r1 -L delay 0.2,0.4,0.6 -p 'sleep {delay}' --reference 'echo a (delay = 0.4)' 'echo a'
Benchmark 1: echo a (delay = 0.4)
sleep: invalid time interval: {delay}
usage: sleep number[unit] [...]
Unit can be 's' (seconds, the default), m (minutes), h (hours), or d (days).
Error: The preparation command terminated with a non-zero exit code. Append ' || true' to the command if you are sure that this can be ignored.
gsnedders@gsnedders-margot ~ % hyperfine --show-output -N -r1 -L delay 0.2,0.4,0.6 -p 'sleep {delay}' --reference 'delay = 0.4' 'echo a'
Benchmark 1: delay = 0.4
sleep: invalid time interval: {delay}
usage: sleep number[unit] [...]
Unit can be 's' (seconds, the default), m (minutes), h (hours), or d (days).
Error: The preparation command terminated with a non-zero exit code. Append ' || true' to the command if you are sure that this can be ignored.
gsnedders@gsnedders-margot ~ % hyperfine --show-output -N -r1 -L delay 0.2,0.4,0.6 -p 'sleep {delay}' --reference 'echo b' 'echo a'
Benchmark 1: echo b
sleep: invalid time interval: {delay}
usage: sleep number[unit] [...]
Unit can be 's' (seconds, the default), m (minutes), h (hours), or d (days).
Error: The preparation command terminated with a non-zero exit code. Append ' || true' to the command if you are sure that this can be ignored.It would be nice to be able to set one of the specific benchmarks from the first command as the reference, but I can't see how?
Source: sharkdp/hyperfine