Reprojected raster image rendering artifacts on Firefox mobile

Describe the bug

Reprojecting a raster image can lead to rendering artifacts on Firefox mobile, as shown below:

Here, we expect to see a base layer map with an overlay that is a reprojected raster image with blue pixels. You can see some areas (vertical or horizontal strips) where the overlay is not rendered and only the base map is visible.

The problem does not happen on Chrome mobile, and it does not happen either on desktop.

To Reproduce

Reproject a “small” image into a “large” extent. It happens with various projections. For instance, the base map projection is always EPSG:3857 whereas the reprojected image can use EPSG:4326 (in the example above) or a custom projection.

Expected behavior

There should be no rendering artifacts, as shown on desktop: