[CUDA] SIGFPE (Floating point exception) with discrete data when n_unique_values * n_features exceeds threshold

Description

LightGBM with device='cuda' crashes with SIGFPE (Floating point exception) when training on discrete data where the product of unique values and number of features exceeds a certain threshold.

Reproducible Example

import lightgbm as lgb
import numpy as np

# FAIL: 5 discrete values × 600 features
X = np.random.randint(0, 5, (50000, 600)).astype(np.float32)
y = np.random.uniform(0, 1, 50000).astype(np.float32)

model = lgb.LGBMRegressor(device='cuda', n_estimators=10, verbose=-1)
model.fit(X, y)  # SIGFPE: Floating point exception (core dumped)

Test Results

Tested with 50,000 rows:

Observed Pattern

The crash threshold depends on both the number of unique values and the number of features:

This suggests a relationship between n_unique * n_features and available CUDA histogram bins.

Workaround

Adding tiny noise converts discrete values to continuous and avoids the crash:

X = X.astype(np.float32)
X += np.random.uniform(-1e-6, 1e-6, X.shape).astype(np.float32)
# Training now succeeds

Real-World Impact

This bug affects Numerai tournament data:

• 2.7M rows × 2376 features
• int8 dtype with values {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} (5 discrete values)
• Always triggers SIGFPE with CUDA

Environment

• LightGBM version: 4.6.0.99 (source-built with GCC 10)
• CUDA version: 12.6
• GPU: NVIDIA RTX 5000 Ada Generation (Compute Capability 8.9)
• Driver: 572.16
• OS: Windows 11 + WSL2 (Ubuntu) + Docker (nvidia-docker)
• Python: 3.10

Build Command

cmake -B build -S . \
    -DUSE_CUDA=1 \
    -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \
    -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=gcc-10 \
    -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=g++-10
cmake --build build -j$(nproc)
cd python-package && pip install .

Notes

• CPU training works fine with the same data
• The issue appears to be in CUDA histogram binning logic
• Row count does not significantly affect the threshold