[Port to 2.x]: feat: add statistics and adaptive growth to TagValueSeriesIDCache (#27480)

Port master-1.x commit https://github.com/influxdata/influxdb/commit/e1f7dcc265 to main-2.x.

Large change to tsdb/index/tsi1/cache.go, tsi1/index.go, tsdb/config.go. 2.x needs launcher flags for the new config fields and the cache statistics adapted to prometheus collectors. Follow-up fix #27552 depends on this.