[C++] Add support for filename, file index, and batch index columns to exec plan based scanner

The old scanner currently appends these three fields to all outgoing batches. In retrospect, this caused some confusion, so I'd like to handle it slightly differently, where the user is able to request these fields, but they are not automatically appended.

Reporter: Weston Pace / @westonpace Assignee: Weston Pace / @westonpace

Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-18386. Please see the migration documentation for further details.